ABSTRACT
Intestinal malabsorption results from a wide variety of pathogenetic mechanisms which result in impairment of digestion and absorption of the nutrients. Malabsorption syndromes are organised in to three broad categories. One due to maldigestion, second due to mucosal or neural problems, third due to microbial causes. Small intestinal biopsies are needed to establish the definitive diagnosis. In this article, we attempt to review the literature of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms and diagnosis with histopathological confirmation of the most common malabsorption syndromes.
ABSTRACT
To determine the prevalence of sexual harassment in nurses and to observe its correlation with negative mental health [depression, anxiety and stress]. Further to examine the role of sexual harassment as a predictor of negative mental health in nurses and to explore the differences in the experience of sexual harassment, depression, anxiety and stress between junior and senior nurses. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Public Sector Hospitals in Lahore, from December 2011 to March 2012. A sample of 200 nurses with age range 23 to 46 years was obtained. Assessment tools used in the study were Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire [SHEQ] by Kamal, and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale [DASS] by Lovibond and Lovibond. Mean age of the nurses was 29.80 +/- 7.10 years. Among these 63% were married and 37% unmarried. The mean working experience of nurses was 13.7 +/- 3. 52 years and their mean monthly income was 27820 +/- 13687.32 rupees. Their working hours ranged from 8 to 16 hours [M = 8.32, SD = 2.12]. The mean prevalence of sexual harassment was 71.66 +/- 19.01. A significant positive correlation of sexual harassment with depression, anxiety, stress and combined effect of them [DASS] was found. Multiple regression analysis showed sexual harassment as significant predictor of depression [[beta] = 0.47, p < .001], anxiety [[beta] = 0.43, p < .001] and stress [[beta] = 0.45, p < .001] in nurses. Sexual harassment was found to be a predictor of negative mental health in the form of depression, anxiety and stress in nurses of public hospitals
ABSTRACT
In female reproductive tract the differential diagnosis of pelvic mass is quite variable because abnormality may arise from gynaecological or non gynaecological origin. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of clinical examination and abdomino-pelvic ultrasonography and find out the frequency of malignancy in patients diagnosed with pelvic mass. It was a cross sectional prospective study of one year duration. Cohort study design on 107 patients with complaints suggestive of pelvic mass underwent clinical examination including history, abdomino-pelvic examination followed by abdominal ultrasound were evaluated. Only the patients who underwent laparoscopy or laparotomy were included in the study. Final diagnosis was correlated with histopathological diagnosis. Overall sensitivity of clinical evaluation was 50% while ultrasound was 80% sensitive in diagnosing the type of pelvic mass. Positive predictive value of clinical examination 71.4% was higher than ultrasound 66.6%. Frequency of gynaecological malignancy was 84%, while 1.9% malignancies were of non gynaecological origin. Our study has supported the view that clinical evaluation and ultrasound are initial modalities and to increase the sensitivity for definitive diagnosis other imaging facilities and tumor marker are needed